Find Thevenin’s and Norton’s Equivalent Circuits:
Suppose that 
, 
and 
.
The circuit has both independent and dependent sources. In these cases, we need to find open circuit voltage and short circuit current to determine Norton’s (and also Thevenin’s) equivalent circuits.
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Determine voltage across 
and 
using voltage division rule.
Assume that
, 
, 
, 
and 
Solution:
Please note that the voltage division rule cannot be directly applied. This is to say that:
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Use Thévenin’s theorem to determine 
.
Solution
Lets break the circuit at the 
load as shown in Fig. (1-27-2).
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Use Thévenin’s theorem to determine 
.
Solution
To find the Thévenin equivalent, we break the circuit at the 
load as shown below.
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